Geometrical properties of quasi-conharmonic curvature tensor on a semi-Riemannian manifold
This paper examines the quasi-conharmonic curvature tensor ˜H which generalizes the concept of a conharmonic curvature tensor. Initially, we acquire some geometrical features. Subsequently, we examine pseudo quasi-conharmonic symmetric manifolds. The Divergence-free quasi-conharmonic curvature tensor is derived from the Gray’s decomposition. Additionally, we also examine the nature of Einstein (PQ ˜H S)n, (n > 2),manifolds. Finally, we construct a non-trivial Lorentzian metric of (PQ ˜H S)4.
Quasi-conformal curvature tensor ˜ C, quasi-conharmonic curvature tensor ˜H , pseudo-projective curvature tensor ˜ P, quasi-concircular curvature tensor, ˜L, pseudo-symmetric manifold.
Arsenic-Induced Antioxidant Enzyme Responses in Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis
Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a significant environmental challenge worldwide, affecting both developed and developing nations. Aquatic organisms, including fish, are also severely affected. Arsenic accumulates in fish tissues such as gills, liver, kidneys, skin, and muscles, causing damage to these vital organs of the fish. In the present study, changes in the activity of two antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, were measured in the liver of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. The fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of dibasic sodium arsenate heptahydrate: 4.88 mg L−1 and 14.64 mg L−1. Fish were treated for 96 hour and 7 days with both concentrations. The activity of SOD and catalase was measured by the spectrophotometric method. Our data showed about a 3.5-fold increase in SOD activity in fish exposed to 4.88 mg L−1 arsenic for 96 hour. No significant increase was observed in fish exposed to the higher concentration (14.64 mg L−1). Fish exposed to arsenic for 7 days exhibited about 2-fold and 1.4-fold SOD activity at 4.88 mg L−1 and 14.64 mg L−1, respectively. The catalase assay showed nearly 2-fold increased activity in fish exposed to arsenic solutions of 4.88 mg L−1 and 14.64 mg L−1 for 96 hour. However, after 7 days of treatment, fish exhibited only a mild increase in catalase activity (∼ 1.25-fold) compared to the control group. The findings of the study suggest that SOD and catalase enzyme activity vary with arsenic concentration and treatment duration in H. fossilis.
Arsenic, Heteropneustes, SOD assay, catalase assay.
Geometric properties of weakly G-projectively symmetric manifolds
The present paper is devoted to the study of weakly G-projectively symmetric manifolds, denoted by (WGPS)n, n > 2. We first investigate several fundamental geometric properties of these manifolds and derive conditions involving the Ricci tensor and the associated 1-forms. We then examine the decomposability of (WGPS)n, n > 2 manifolds and establish certain geometric characterizations. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of such manifolds by constructing a non-trivial example.
Weakly symmetric, pseudo-symmetric manifolds, cyclic parallel Ricci, W2-curvature tensor, G-projective curvature tensor.
A study of nearly Ricci recurrent Trans-Sasakian Manifold
The object of the present paper is to study nearly Ricci-recurrent trans-Sasakain manifold and its various properties. Finally, we construct a non-trivial example of nearly Ricci recurrent trans-Sasakain manifold.
Trans-Sasakian manifold, generalized Ricci recurrent, nearly Ricci recurrent and cyclic Ricci tensor.
Impact of Arsenic Exposure on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of the Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis
Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a significant global issue, adversely impacting both human health and aquatic ecosystems. Anthropogenic activities are major contributors to arsenic pollution in water. Previous studies have demonstrated that arsenic exposure alters behavioural, haematological, and biochemical parameters in fish by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Multiple organs, including the liver, kidney, gills, and cardiovascular system, are severely affected by arsenic toxicity. In the present study, Heteropneustes fossilis was exposed for 96h and 7 days to two sublethal concentrations, 4.88 mg/L and 14.64 mg/L, of dibasic sodium arsenate heptahydrate and effects on haematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. The results indicated significantly decreased haemoglobin content and red blood cell count in fish exposed to arsenic under both exposure durations, while total white blood cell count increased. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity in the kidney increased approximately 25-fold and 2-fold in fish exposed to 4.88 mg/L and 14.64 mg/L dibasic sodium arsenate heptahydrate for 96h, respectively. In contrast, SOD activity was reduced to 0.46-fold and 0.36-fold in fish exposed for 7 days to 4.88 mg/L and 14.64 mg/L dibasic sodium arsenate heptahydrate, respectively, compared to control fish. Approximately 2-fold increased catalase activity was observed in fish exposed to both concentrations of dibasic sodium arsenate heptahydrate for 96h. Catalase activity was also enhanced by ∼ 1.5-fold and ∼ 1.75 -fold in the fish exposed to both concentrations for 7 days. These findings indicate that arsenic is a potent toxicant, and continuous monitoring of arsenic levels in aquatic environments is essential to ensure healthy and safe fish production.
Arsenate, Arsenite, Heteropneustes fossilis, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, ROS.
Quasi-conhormonic curvature tensor on a Lorentzian Para-Sasakian manifold
In this paper we consider quasi-Conhormonically flat, quasi-Conhormonically conservative and ???? − quasi-conhormonically flat LP-Sasakin manifold. It also been proved that Lorentzian para-Sasakian (LP-Sasakian) manifold satisfying the relation ????(????, ????).???? ???? = 0, where ???? ???? is quasi-Conhormonically curvature tensor, then it is a manifold of constant curvature.
LP-sasakian manifold, Einstein manifold, ???? − Einstein manifold, quasiconhormonic curvature tensor, ???? −quasi-conhormonically flat manifold.
Comparative Service Levels in the Inventory Management before and during Covid-19 in context of Biosafety Products
Availability of essential biosafety products in time and reliable manner is serious challenge for supply chains in current situation due to Covid-19 pandemic. Unforeseen change in the demand of biosafety products arose due to protocol of WHO to check the spread of virus. Challenges of supply chain are overcome by improving service level in current scenario, guaranteeing high availability at each link in order to help preserve life. Flexibility of process in supply chain reflected in decision making. Allocation of biosafety products was focused on guaranteeing customer and user satisfaction using flexible strategy of inventory management. Management of Inventories for biosafety products is effected by volatile behaviour which impacts on the containment of the spread of the virus in a global disruption of supply chains. The proposed strategies can be used to companies for products in similar situation of crisis.
Pseudo curvature tensor ̃ on a Riemannian manifold
In this paper we introduce a new curvature tensor named as Pseudo curvature tensor ̃. Some algebraic properties of Pseudo curvature tensor ̃ are obtained. Further Quadratic killing tensor ̃ and Quadratic conformal killing tensor ̃ are considered with respect to Pseudo curvature tensor ̃. Finally it is proved that Pseudo curvature tensor ̃ is conservative if the scalar curvature tensor is constant under the certain condition.
Pseudo curvature tensor, Pseudo flat, Quadratic killing tensor, Quadratic conformal killing tensor and divergence
Waste generation and management in Meerut: A case study on associated health hazards
Solid waste management (SWM) is becoming a serious environmental burden and a rising issue for urban local bodies (ULBs) in India, particularly in high population density regions. Because of India's high rates of population growth and excessive urbanisation, the lack of proper SWM facilities has posed a severe health concern to diverse populations. This report examines the current situation and practices of waste generation and management in Meerut, a large industrial city in Uttar Pradesh and one of India's fastest developing cities. This study also addresses the potential problems, impediments, and possibilities connected with improving waste management in Meerut in order to reduce the health risks associated with inappropriate waste disposal.
Waste Management, Health Hazards, Water, Biodegradable, Waste disposal, Recycling, Landfilling, Solid Waste Management
Review Article: COVID-19: Strategies to Combat- Current and Impending targets
At the end of year 2019, suddenly everyone is started talking about the Wuhan city of China, where a contagious virus SARS-CoV-2 jumps from bats to humans. It is one of the fastest spreading viruses, which spread around the globe in very few months. No country has been left untouched by this virus. Although there are number vaccines and preventive measures are available today. They check its spreading speed but it remains a great threat even today due to its properties of changing strains. According to covid tracker there are 482,551 confirmed deaths as on April 2026 in India alone and at world level it reaches to 7,114,028 . The most striking feature of all coronaviruses is that they transcribe and translate a polyprotein via ribosomal frameshifting. The spike protein (P). club‐like, pear‐shaped, or petal‐shaped structures that are projected from the virus body envelope is the potential target for strategies to develop a vaccine or drug to combat with this deadly virus. The TMPRSS2, another gene supposed to help the fusion process, may also be the other potential target. A protein known as cathepsin L, which holds the key for binding between the endosome and vesicle containing virus, necessary for virus activation. The other targets for therapeutic development are RNA dependent RNA polymerase and Protease. Chloroquine, remdesivir, protease inhibitor and Aptamer are also the molecules of choice. Reverse vaccinology as a technique to deal with it is also being considered. Moreover, we need to learn from its reservoir, how to cope with such deadly viruses and study their immunological and biochemical changes.
Covid-19, SARS-Co-2, RNA Vaccines, and Immunotherapy
Effect of different combinations of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and soil fertility status of alluvial soil
A field experiment was conducted during 2024-25 in kharif season to evaluate the effect of integrated use of chemical fertilizers and organic manure on yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and soil properties. Experiment was comprised in ten treatments and three replications with RBD design. The chemical nutrient source included RDF (N: P: K) with sulphur and organic nutrients sources were included FYM, poultry manure and compost applied in different rates per plot. Organic sources of nutrients and RDF applications revealed that FYM @40 tha-1 + 100% RDF (T3) recorded maximum fresh rhizome yield (tha-1) as compared to T10 (poultry manure @ 20 tha-1 + 75% RDF). Integrated use of organic and 100% RDF sources found to maintained soil pH in considerable range and EC. At 90 DAP have considerable response and in post-harvest soil samples were found to be increased available N (283.29 kgha-1), available P (17.47 kgha-1), available K (299.04 kgha-1) and available S (5.51 mgkg-1) in soil by application of FYM @40 t ha-1 (T2), compost 75% + 100% RDF (T7), 100% RDF + compost @ 20 t ha-1 (T5) and FYM @40 t ha-1 + 100% RDF (T3) significantly.
Turmeric, organic sources of nutrients, soil fertility, yield, soil pH, soil EC, organic carbon
Semi-symmetric non-metric π-recurrent connection on a Riemannian manifold
The aim of the present paper is to define a linear connection on a Riemannian manifold which is semi-symmetric non-metric and study some properties of the curvature tensor, Ricci tensor, scalar curvature and conformal curvature tensor with respect to SSNMπRC. .
Riemannian manifold, semi-symmetric metric and non-metric connection, ????-recurrent connection and conformal curvature tensor.
On nearly pseudo Ricci-symmetric manifold
In this paper, we study certain properties of a nearly pseudo Ricci symmetric manifold N(PRS)_n,n>2. Some curvature relations and characterization results are obtained under nearly pseudo Ricci symmetric condition. Finally, a non-trivial example is provided to illustrate the existence of such manifolds.
Weakly Ricci symmetric manifolds, generalized pseudo Ricci symmetric manifolds, pseudo Ricci symmetric manifold, generalized almost pseudo-Ricci symmetric manifold, generalized semi-pseudo Ricci-symmetric manifold, extended pseudo Ricci symmetric manifolds
On pseudo W_8-flat Lorentzian α-para Kenmotsu manifold
The notion of Lorentzian α-para Kenmotsu manifold has been introduced by Prasad, Verma and Yadav (2023). In this paper, we investigate some properties of pseudo W_8-flat Lorentzian α-para Kenmotsu manifold and derived conditions under which such manifolds are η-Einstein and of constant curvature. As a special case, corresponding results for W_8-flat Lorentzian α-para Kenmotsu manifold are also obtained.
Lorentzian ????-para Kenmotsu manifold, pseudo ????8-curvature tensor, manifold of constant curvature.
On a certain type of semi-symmetric non-metric connection on a Riemannian manifold
Recently, Melohtra (2012) studied a semi-symmetric non-metric connection (SSNMC) on a Riemannian manifold. In this paper, we study a SSNMC with recurrent torsion.
Semi-symmetric non-metric connection, recurrent torsion, Einstein manifold, Schouten tensor, Projective curvature tensor, Concircular curvature tensor.
review of Agri-entrepreneurship Agritech startups in India:Helping farmers through Agripreneurship
The startups are an exemplar that great steps are done by a series of small things brought together. These startups are trying to achieve the goal by taking one small step at a point time, moving from one problem to another for solving the issues by disruptive innovation. The startups are creating new jobs that mean more employment and are also leaving a ripple effect on the socio-economic situation of the demography in which they are operating. The world has become a playfield for these young entrepreneurs as the global startup revolution continues to grow. Underneath this continued growth, fundamental shifts are occurring. In the view of the importance of startup in the agriculture sector, conducted a review related to the Agripreneurship. Specifically, the study focuses on the Agritech startups in India to help the farmers. The study is based on Private sectors agricultural companies related the subject matter, the majority of which are journals and scholarly articles. The paper revealed the following components of agritech startups: Bayer Crop Science, Agrostar, DeHaat and EM3 AgriServices.
Lorentzian concircular structure manifolds ((LCS)_n − manifolds): a review
This paper present a brief survey of results on Lorentzian concircular structure manifold, in shorts called as (LCS)_n −manifolds.
Assam Problem: A Historical Perspective and Current Challenges
Assam, a picturesque state nestled in the northeastern region of India, has grappled with various socio-political issues collectively known as the "Assam Problem." Rooted in complex historical and demographic factors, the Assam Problem revolves around issues such as illegal immigration, ethnic tensions, and the preservation of indigenous cultures. This article delves into the historical background of the Assam Problem, its multifaceted dimensions, and the steps taken by the government and civil society to find lasting solutions. To shed light on the subject, various academic sources and reports will be referenced.
Generalized semi-pseudo Ricci-symmetric manifold admitting W2-Ricci tensor
The present paper deals with the study of generalized semi-pseudo Ricci-symmetric on -Ricci tensor and obtained some interesting results.
Pseudo Ricci-symmetric manifolds, semi-pseudo Ricci–symmetric manifolds, Extended pseudo Ricci-symmetric manifolds, generalized semi-pseudo Ricci symmetric manifolds, - curvature tensor.
Influence of organic sources of nutrients on flower of marigold and soil properties
Marigold flower is a most popular for worship, ornamental and after those other many uses in human society. In this respect, a pot experiment was conducted on influence of organic sources of nutrients on quality of marigold and soil properties in eight treatment combination with three replications under randomized block design in sandy loam soil by the use of organic sources of nutrients to affect the flower quantity and quality. The application of different organic and RDF and S doses had positive effects on the growth, floral nature and yield parameters of marigold. application of sulphure @ 30 kg/ha with 100% RDF of NPK (150: 120: 100 kg/ha) showed better effect on the growth, floral and yield parameters. Soil fertility of flower grown soil was favorably influence by the different combination of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer (RDF+ S) in terms of status of soil pH, EC, soil organic carbon, buildup of available N, P, K and S and reduces the calcium carbonate content.
Semi-symmetric non-metric connection on Sasakian manifold
The prime goal of this paper is to investigate Ricci solitons on quasi-concircularly flat, pseudo -flat and pseudo -flat Sasakian manifold using a type of semi-symmetric non-metric connection ̅.
Riemannian manifolds admitting pseudo W2-curvature tensor
In this paper, we obtaine some basic geometrical properties of pseudo -curvature tensor. Then, we study pseudo ̃ symmetric ̃ manifold which recover some known results of De and Ghosh (1994). We also provide several interesting results of ̃ . Moreover, we deal with pseudo -flat perfect fluid and dust fluid spacetimes respectively. As a consequence, we obtain some important theorems. Finally, we construct a non-trivial Lorentzian metric of ̃ .
Characterization of almost -curvature tensor on Riemannian manifold
In this paper we introduce a new tensor named almost -curvature tensor , which generalizes the projective curvature tensor and -curvature tensor. First we deduce some basic geometric properties of . Then, we study pseudo -symmetric manifolds , . We provide several interesting results. Among others we prove that in a if the associated vector field is a unit parallel vector field, then the manifold reduces to a pseudo symmetric manifold. Finally, we construct a non-trivial Lorentzian metric of .
On Concircular nearly recurrent manifolds
The object of the present paper is to study concircular nearly recurrent manifolds.
concircular curvature tensor and scalar curvature
Probiotic-enriched acidophilus milk: A source of nutritional and therapeutic value nutritional significance of acidophilus milk
Acidophilus milk is a fermented dairy product in the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus a gram positive bacteria. It is a rich source of nutrition as well as assist in controlling the gastro-intestinal disorders. The present study review the compositional changes during ffermentation, the probiotic mechanism of L. acidophilus milk in comparison to conventional milk. Further study describes, the fermentation process enhances the digestibility of milk protein and lactose, which also improve the bioavailability of essential nutrient such as Ca, Vitamins and amino acid. Regular consumption of acidophilus milk has been associated with modulation of gut microbiota, improved gastrointestinal health and potential cholesterol lowering effect. In the USSR acidophilus yeast milk is widely used in treating tuberculosis. The findings underscore acidophilus milk as a functional food with promising application in dietary intervention and public health nutrition.
Effects of sodium arsenite on the behaviour of the freshwater stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis
Toxic metals usually accumulate in the environment due to human activities. Although arsenic, along with its compounds, is a notably potent natural contaminant of groundwater, human activities such as mining, smelting, burning of fossil fuels, use of arsenic-based pesticides and industrial waste contribute significantly. Arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+) are considered the most toxic and prevalent arsenicals found in nature. In the present study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of sodium arsenite on the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, over 24-hour and 96-hour periods. Fishes were divided into control and treatment groups 1 and 2, each with 10 fishes of nearly equal size and weight. Fishes of both treatment groups 1 and 2 were exposed to sodium arsenite (1 mg/L, purity 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) for 24 hrs and 96 hrs, respectively, with a water change for treatment group 2 for four consecutive days. Both the control and treated groups of fish were observed for behavioural changes after 24 hours and 96 hours. The results indicated that exposure to sodium arsenite induced erratic movement, hyperexcitability, and excessive mucus secretion from the gills and body surfaces. Additionally, the fishes also exhibited signs of agitation, rapid opercular movement, occasional air gulping, and ultimately losing their equilibrium showing clear signs of distress due to the arsenic exposure. This study highlights the severe behavioural impacts of arsenic contamination on aquatic life, emphasizing the need for effective management of such pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.
Zoonotic helminth fauna in freshwater fish: risk assessment and mitigation strategies
Fish serve as a vital source of nutrition and livelihood worldwide, yet their role as intermediate or paratenic hosts makes them key vehicles in the transmission of various helminth zoonoses. As fish consumption rises, the potential for helminth parasite transfer to humans increases accordingly. Zoonotic helminths are transmitted through fish, including trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans. These parasites represent a persistent and evolving public-health challenge at the interface of aquatic ecology, food systems, and human behaviour. Globalized fish trade, expanding aquaculture, shifting dietary habits toward raw or undercooked fish, rising pollution, and climate-driven changes in parasite ecology are collectively elevating the risk of fish-borne helminth emergence. Together, these factors create conditions that favour both the spread and re-emergence of these infections worldwide. This review consolidates current understanding of the epidemiology, transmission ecology, clinical relevance, and detection of fish-borne zoonotic helminths. It emphasizes the need for an integrated, evidence-based framework to strengthen surveillance and reduce associated risks, as shown in the graphical abstract (Figure 1).
Helminths, trematode, cestode, nematode, zoonotic disease.
Effect of Altenaria blight (A. brassicae) on the composition and quality of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) seeds
Disease stress might have profound effect on crop extending to food ready to eat. Keeping this in view the healthy and diseased seeds were analysed for oil content, fatty acid profile and iodine value of oil. The nutritional quality index (NQI) was expressed as the ratio of oleic/erucic acid. The fat free meal was analysed for total protein (TP) crude protein (CP) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in 12 genotypes of B. juncea both the healthy and Alternaria brassicae affected seeds grown and analysed under similar conditions for comparative performance. The results indicated that oil content varied due to both genotypes and fungal infection. The oil content varied from 38.4% to 44.0% with the average of 41.3% in healthy seeds. In case of disease affected seeds, the oil content ranged from 32.9% to 40.5% with an average of 36.2% indicating a decrease of 12.34% in diseased seeds as compared to healthy seeds. The fatty acid composition varied only due to genotypes but the disease had little effect. The seed protein content (TP = true protein) which varied from 39.5% to 46.0% in healthy and 38.6% to 44.5% in diseased seeds. NPN content tended to increase due disease incidence
Biochemical parameters, Brassica juncea, Alternaria blight
Comparative prediction for the Japanese encephalitis casea by using linear and non-linear modelings
In this paper, prediction for registered and death cases of Japanese Encephalitis has been carried out by making use of linear and non-linear models. Further, a trend of occurrence of J.E. has also been discussed. Prediction of trend of occurrence has been subject to validation by applying the statistical technique. The present study is taken up for most affected areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh; Gorakhpur and adjoining districts of Bihar and Nepal enveloped by Japanese Encephalitis.
Economics of cold storage industry in eastern district of Uttar Pradesh
Cold storage units were categorized into small, medium and large categories on the basis of their capacities. It was observed that 77.44 per cent of total capacity was used exclusively for potato and rest was used potato seeds and other perishable commodities. Net returns were nearly at par for medium and large units i.e. Rs. 498.73 thousand and Rs. 428.83 thousand respectively and higher as compared to small units, which were Rs. 390.18 thousand. Break even quantity (BEQ) as percentage of actual quantity was 44.51 per cent for small, 52.47 per cent for medium and 65.61 per cent for large units. Payback period was about 10 years and ranged from 7 (small units) to 14 (large units). The capital-output ratio was found to be the highest for small units as compared to medium and large units i.e. 1.48, 1.37 and 1.22 respectively. The most prominent problems faced by the industry were the increase in electricity charges and non availability of finance throughout the year. So that the investment in the cold storages fetched proportionately less benefit. However, their profitability can be enhance through the government intervention by decreasing electricity charges, providing finance throughout the year, low interest rate on borrowed capital and adequate supply of electricity.
-Input-output relationship, economic evaluation, size of holding, net return